![]() We used average posterior probability support to guide composition of a target matrix of 303 taxa, for which we integrated strongly filtered ultraconserved element (UCE) data for 115 living species. We developed and illustrated from ground-up a series of 576 morphological characters which we scored for 144 extant and 431 fossil taxa, including all families of Aculeata, Trigonaloidea, Evanioidea, and †Ephialtitoidea. Here, we interrogate the Mesozoic fossil record of the Aculeata, with emphasis on the ants (Formicidae), and conduct an extended series of ancestral state estimation exercises on distributions of tip-dated combined-evidence phylogenies. ![]() Of the five groups, the highest species diversity appeared in the phytophagous group,įollowed by the carnivorous, the parasitic, the saprophagous, and the heterophagous groups.įossils provide unique opportunity to understand the tempo and mode of evolution and are essential for modeling the history of lineage diversification. Of the four communities, the highest species diversity occurred in the forest community, followed by the aquatic, the soil, and the alpine communities. However, it kept a comparatively stable position in the ecosystem. Each community or group varied in species diversity in a similar trend to the whole entomofauna. The entomofauna can also be divided into four insect communities based on habitats or five insect groups based on feeding habits. In major distribution areas of the Jehol Biota, the entomofauna changed greatly in species diversity with about 150 species in about 40 families and 11 orders in the early phase, a great increase up to about 500 species in about 100 families and 16 orders in the middle phase,Īnd a decline to about 300 species in about 80 families and 14 orders in the late phase. The late phase is found in the lower Jiufotang Formation, the upper Yixian Formation (the Jingangshan and Huanghuashan beds) and their coeval horizons (ca. The middle phase is recorded from the lower-middle Yixianįormation (underlying the Jingangshan Bed) and its coeval strata (ca. The early phase of the entomofauna is found in the Dabeigou Formation and its coeval horizons (ca. Insects of the Jehol Biota, also known as the Jehol Entomofauna, can be divided into three phases, approximately corresponding to the early, middle, and late Jehol Biota. While the wasp fauna of the Early Cretaceous Crato formation in Brazil is very rich (Darling & Sharkey 1990, Osten 2007), only the two scoliids Cretaproscolia josai and Cretoscolia brasiliensis are recorded from this paleolake. josai Rasnitsyn & Martínez-Delclòs, 1999). brasiliensis Osten, 2007), or in the modern subfamily Proscoliinae Rasnitsyn, 1977 (Cretaproscolia asiatica Zhang 2006, C. conquensis Rasnitsyn & Martínez-Delclòs, 2000, C. montsecana Rasnitsyn & Martínez- Delclòs, 1999, C. 2002, Cretoscolia patiens Rasnitsyn, 1993, C. hispanica Rasnitsyn & Martínez- Delclòs, 1999, Protoscolia imperialis Zhang et al. Much more Mesozoic wasps are currently attributed to the Scoliidae, either in the extinct subfamily Archaeoscoliinae Rasnitsyn, 1993 (Archaeoscolia senilis Rasnitsyn, 1993, A. Floriscolia relicta Rasnitsyn, 1993 (Florissant USA), an unnamed Scoliidae (Middle Eocene, Tulameen Road, Princeton, British Columbia, Canada), a fossil specimen attributed to the modern species Campsomeris prismatica Smith, 1855 and the fossil species Scolia distincta Zhang, 1989 (both from the Miocene of Shanwang, Shandong, China) (Zhang 1989, Rasnitsyn 1993, Douglas & Stockey 1996).
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